Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 Ps covered in this chapter?

The concept of the 4 Ps is a foundational element of marketing, representing Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. These components work together to help marketers develop effective strategies for reaching and engaging their target audiences.

In this case, "People" is not one of the 4 Ps. The traditional marketing model focuses on the other four elements that directly contribute to the marketing mix. While the role of people—such as employees, customers, and other stakeholders—certainly plays an important part in overall marketing strategies, it is not classified as one of the primary components of the marketing mix. This distinction is critical for understanding the framework within which marketers operate, as the established 4 Ps guide decisions around product development, pricing strategies, distribution methods, and promotional tactics. Understanding these elements helps marketers craft comprehensive strategies that effectively meet customer needs and drive business success.